In core, '34 non-aligned nations' are mentioned as being part of the Cascade States, but none are really named.
1) Who are the Cascade States?
2) What would classify a region as a Cascade State?
Reading through it, I'm a bit confused.
2a) Is a Cascade State an ethnic group within a region that doesn't want to be part of a world government?
In this instance, South Africa could agree to be part of the UEN. However, the Boers in the Transvaal, Bloemfontein and Orange Free State regions (all as part of a common White African, Afrikaans ethnic enclave), disagree with the SA state and form a new ethnic nation state (e.g.: New Transvaal), which becomes a Cascade State.
Similar 'ethnic enclave' arguments could be made for Zimbabwe (with the resurgence of Rhodesia), the Congo (with a return to Zaire, Leopoldville, Congo Brasserville and Congo Free State as separate national entities), Serbia, Croatia, Kosovo, and Kashmir as Cascade States.
2b) Is a Cascade State an existing nation state that doesn't want to be part of the world government?
In this scenario, would it be feasible for Russia to go to non-aligned status? Would India stay in the UEN with the split in China between Guangdong and China? Would the ASEAN nations opt for Cascade State status?
3) Is the Cascade States movement similar to the Non-Aligned movement from the Cold War era?
In the formation of the Cascade States, the balkanization of North America is implied, with several former states from the Pacific NW comprising the Cascades. By contrast, Eastern America, New Texas and California are UEN members.
4) What was the vision for the breakup (and breakdown) of the United States?
5) Was the Cascade States movement an American only thing?
The answers to 1 and 3 are intentionally left blank, to allow creative GMs (like you) to fill in the gaps with whatever works best for your campaign :) I don't see anything amiss in your list of non-aligned nations, it works pretty well as a list.
Regarding #2, most of them won't have their own space programs, no. However, commercial spaceflight companies (the likes of today's SpaceX and Blue Origin) are available options for such nations, so they aren't completely cut off from space. In fact, commercial spaceflight programs outnumber state-run programs considerably, with only Guangdong and the UEN having their own - and even those gradually shift towards almost exclusively military use, with civilian needs being fulfilled by the private sector.